Inflammation & Immunity

Fasting activates autophagy through mTOR inhibition and AMPK activation, enhancing intestinal cell function; defects in autophagy genes drive inflammatory bo...

Understand how immune cells communicate through cytokines, how these signaling molecules drive inflammation or tolerance, and their connection to the microbi...

Discover how gut-associated lymphoid tissue concentrates 70-80% of your body's immune cells to protect and maintain homeostasis.

Understand how central and peripheral immune tolerance prevents autoimmunity while maintaining the ability to attack threats.

A comprehensive guide to antibody structure and the distinct roles of IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD in immune defense.

Understand how your body employs two distinct but complementary immune strategies: immediate innate responses and the learned adaptive responses.

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from gram-negative bacteria triggers inflammation; chronic low-grade elevation ('metabolic endotoxaemia') links to obesity...

How gut microbial signals educate the immune system to distinguish self from non-self — and what happens when this education fails.

Molecular mimicry—shared epitopes between microbes and host proteins—can trigger autoimmunity; examples include Campylobacter-induced Guillain-Barré and stre...

Explore the specialized structures and mechanisms that allow your gut to sample antigens and mount protective immune responses.

Understand how regulatory T cells maintain immune tolerance, prevent autoimmunity, and how the microbiota shapes their generation and function.

Explore how secretory IgA protects your mucus membranes through immune exclusion and biofilm regulation without causing inflammation.

Explore how these two master cell types generate specificity, immunological memory, and coordinate powerful adaptive immune responses.

A foundational guide to your body's defence mechanisms, including key organs and the critical role of the gut in immunity.

How the immune system goes wrong in inflammatory bowel disease — innate vs adaptive immunity, loss of tolerance, and why immunosuppression works.

How your gut microbiome serves as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes — and why dietary diversity may be part of the solution.

Explore how innate immune cells recognize danger through pattern recognition receptors and how dysregulation contributes to inflammatory disease.

How vitamin D modulates innate and adaptive immunity — and why deficiency matters in inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.

A detailed exploration of the diverse white blood cell types, their specific roles, lifespans, and how they collectively protect you.