A 'resilient' Gut Microbiota may be a critical factor in healthy ageing
As we age, the gut microbiota undergoes significant shifts in diversity and composition — changes that researchers are now linking to inflammageing and age-related decline. Here's what the science cur
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) hosts a large number of microorganisms collectively known as the gut microbiota (GM). These microorganisms, particularly bacteria, interact with components of the diet and contribute to the production of a range of metabolic compounds. Among these are substances such as acetate, propionate and butyrate, which are currently being studied in relation to human physiology. The GM is also involved in interactions within the gut environment and with the immune system.[1]
Scientific research has explored how variations in the composition of the gut microbiota may be associated with different physiological states. This variation is often referred to as "dysbiosis". Factors such as dietary habits, smoking, physical activity and the use of antibiotics may influence microbiota composition. A wide range of conditions has been studied in relation to these changes, although the nature of these associations remains complex and not fully understood. The microbiota tends to remain relatively stable during adulthood, but changes may occur with ageing.[2]
How ageing relates to the microbiota
Ageing is associated with gradual changes across multiple systems of the body, including the gastrointestinal tract. The immune system may exhibit altered responses over time, and low-grade systemic inflammation has been described in older populations.
Changes in dietary habits and gastrointestinal function are also observed in older individuals. Factors such as chewing ability, swallowing capacity and gut motility may influence food intake. The extent to which hormonal or enzymatic changes contribute to these observations is still under investigation.[3]
Other factors that may influence microbiota composition include lifestyle changes, reduced physical activity, dietary patterns and increased use of medications, including antibiotics. Environmental factors such as hospitalisation or long-term care may also play a role.
Differences in microbiota composition have been observed between younger and older individuals. These differences may include variations in diversity and relative abundance of certain microorganisms. These patterns are currently being studied to better understand their relevance.[4]
Changes in microbiota composition and diversity are observed across the lifespan and are an area of ongoing scientific research.
Dietary patterns and the microbiota
Diet is considered one of the factors that may influence microbiota composition throughout life. Diets rich in a variety of plant-based foods are commonly studied in relation to microbial diversity, although individual responses may vary.
- Prebiotics: dietary fibres that are studied for their interaction with gut microorganisms.
- Probiotics: live microorganisms found in certain foods or supplements that are being studied for their interaction with the microbiota.
- Postbiotics: compounds derived from microorganisms or their metabolic activity, currently investigated in microbiome research.